Influence of Media on Teenagers free essay sample

Invariably, this powerful influence shapes the ways in which viewers or participants perceive the world and their own place within that world. Given that teenagers are often highly impressionable and subject to such influences, this survey will consider the effects of media on this particular age group. Specifically, the survey will consider the ways of media influence on teens and at the end, solutions for the problems related to them. Key words: The mass media, teenagers, influence, televsion, internet, facebook, shaping opinions REZIME Mediji vrse ogroman, skoro normativni uticaj na zivote ljudi, zena, omladine i dece. To utice, posebno medju tinejdzerima, na nacine na koje se pojedinci i grupe oblace, razgovaraju, ponasaju i misle. Mediji u formi filmova, televizije, radija i stampe, kao i novi elektronski medij komunikacije na internetu, pomazu povezivanju pojedinca sa drugim u svetu. Bez izuzetaka, ovaj mocni uticaj oblikuje nacine na koje gledaoci ili ucesnici dozivljavaju svet i svoje mesto u okviru tog sveta. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Media on Teenagers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S obzirom da je tinejdzere veoma lako imresionirati i da lako podlezu uticajima, ovo istrazivanje ce razmotriti efekte medija na ovom uzrastu. Konkretno istrazivanje ce razmotriti nacine uticaja medija na tinejdzere i na kraju resenja problema vezanih za njih. Kljucne reci: mediji, tinejdzeri, uticaj, televizija, internet, facebook, oblikovanje misljenja 1 The mass media refers collectively to all media technologies which are used for mass communication, and to the organizations which control these technologies. Since the 1950s, in the countries that have reached a high level of industrialization, the mass media consisting of cinema, radio and TV has a key role in political power. The mass media plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues, both through the information that is dispensed through it and through the interpretations it places upon this information. It also plays an important role in shaping modern culture, by selecting and portraying a particular set of beliefs, values, and traditions (an entire way of life), as reality. That is, by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, it shapes reality to be more in line with that interpretation. The mass media consists of the internet, television, newspapers and radio. The Internet is significantly more influential than any other media. It is nearly twice as influential as TV and eight times more influential than traditional print media. The mass media is good for socializing and important in reporting people essential information and news, but it very often wastes people time and distracts their attention. The mass media has a huge influence on people of all ages but teenagers are exposed to mass media more than any other adults are. In lack of interesting places for socializing and leisure activities, teenagers turn to social networks which are more available and cheaper than other ways for searching companionships. The internet is absolutely the winner when we talk about the influence of media on teenagers. The other media like TV and newspapers are less but also present in teenagers’ proportion of daily activities. During this period of growing up, they try to talk, dress and behave like popular TV and music stars. They choose which group of people to belong to, and friends to hang out with. If you want to keep in step with modern technology, it is almost impossible to resist the need to join Facebook, Twitter or MySpace Teenagers ignore their studying and sport activities in exchange for sitting in front of their computers. Their body does not develop and grow properly and they often have health problems. Teenagers’ views on things, attitudes and opinions change a lot too. They copy styles of famous people and sometimes forget who they really are. They try to look like celebrities but they do not know how to get good marks at school. The internet imposes a model of style, behaviour, attitudes and fashion and that makes children look alike and act similarly. When you walk down the street, you can see many teens wearing the same clothes. Rich children slur poor ones and that becomes very normal in teen societies. As we can see, the influence of media on teenagers is very big and it probably goes in the wrong direction. What is more, it has a very painful and harmful effect on growing up What should we do or better still, what is necessary to be done to stop the negative influence of the mass media on teenagers? Is it too late? We must do something before it gets too late. Sport and science must become our priorities and they must be promoted more than nowadays so that teenagers can become more interested in them†¦ That will change their attitudes and the way of thinking and in that way their way of life will be changed a lot. 2 Everyone has their own entertainment Every teenager has his own activities and things he loves doing in his free time. There are too many leisure activities and the choice is big. They can read, play computer games, watch TV, go for a walk, run, or surf the Internet. Their period of growing up is specific because every activity becomes boring to them after some time of doing it. Because of that, teenagers tend to do something new all the time. What they will choose depends on the character of each child. The survey showed that: Walking and sports are very good for children’s health and proper physical and mental growth. In this respect, boys are better than girls are. Walking and sports are favourite pastime for them. 57% of them love doing sports and going walking. On the other hand, only 27. % of girls prefer physical activities as their favourites. Every third girl and every fourth boy choose chatting on the internet or texting their friends as their free time activities. Also 24. 5% of girls and 7% of boys like wasting their time watching TV. I must notice that it is too much wasted time and it is unhealthy, too. Chatting on the Internet and texting friends is never and can never be the same as hanging out with friends in the park or o n the football pitch. Reading, which should be the most popular, is the last on the teenagers’ list in this statistics. Namely, only 13% of boys, the same as girls, like reading. Everything is good, but in moderation. I stronlgy believe that parents must try to spend more time with their children and try to find what the best is for them. Teenagers’ leisure time is stolen by the mass media As it is already mentioned, the influence of media on teenagers is very big. They spend too many hours being entertained by the mass media. Today when technology has rapidly progressed an average student must use modern devices because if he does not do that there is no future for him. Some boys and girls spend more than 10 hours per day being entertained by the mass media, which is, everybody agrees, too much. Some of them spend even more than 70 or 80 hours, which becomes their obsession. That might sound strange but examples like this really exist. In my school more than 40 % of girls do not know how many hours per week they spend being entertained by the mass media. Statistically speaking â€Å"only† 17. 5% of boys gave the same answer. 3 17% of girls and 16% of boys are entertained by the mass media less than 20 hours. Three of ten girls and one of five boys spend about 25 hours trying to do not know find some fun on TV or surfing the less than 20 net†¦. Merely 14% girls spend more than 35, but 47% boys spend more than 35 about 25 hours being entertained by the mass more than 35 media. In my opinion that is too many hours per week of â€Å"socializing â€Å"with the mass media per week. Teenagers who waste their time doing stupid things can find something more useful for them and their surrounding. Certainly, there can always be something that they can do instead and that can be useful. For example, teenagers can organize an association for helping the environament, or some groups of support, or go out and help people in need. Hours per week The mass media’s effects We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, travelling and everything else that we have to do. If we want to be well informed and have friends, we must be over exposed to the mass media. Unfortunately, that can make people do some things before they think about that and that can often change their life How does the mass media affect teens? The media effects on teenagers can be different. Sometimes it can help us and give good advice, but I am afraid, there are more negative things that teenagers can adopt by spending too many hours entertained by the mass media In my research about half of the repondents answered that the mass media has more positive than negative effects on them. On the other hand 40 % of students said entertaining media causes more negative ones. There are some positive and negative influences on young people. Here is a positive influence example: if there is a sport that is getting a lot of attention by the media and gains popularity among your friends and society, you will more likely want to practice that sport and be cool with all your friends. The result is that you will have fun with your friends and be healthier because of the exercise you are doing. 4 One of the most positive effects of media today is the ease with which teenagers have learned to embrace technology – be it the computers, Internet or the ipods. The teenagers have no phobia for technology. Media has also contributed to increase the overall awareness of teenagers about their surroundings. In addition to this, media has also resulted in enhanced overall knowledge and understanding of curriculum subjects owing to the vast information resources that the media has to offer. If managed properly, media can be effectively used to generate awareness amongst teenagers about issues like sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy, drugs, alcohol and smoking. These are the negative effects of mass media on teenagers they buy what they see on TV, what their favorite celebrity advertise and what is acceptable by society based on the fashion that the media has imposed on them. TV, newspapers or magazines promote bad ones to be products we can trust and also based on what everyone else that we know is buying, and their decision is mostly based on the media. In adittion to this, one of the most profitable business is serving calorie food in the media, which is tasty and almost all of us love it, even though it can be very harmful to our health. Another negative influence on teenagers that has grown over the last years are anorexia and obesity. There are millions of adolescents fighting obesity, but at the same time they are exposed to thousands of advertisements of junk food, while the ideal image of a successful person is told to be thin and wealthy. Moreover, more women are obsessive with losing weight even when they are not obese. There are many thin women that want to look like the super models and thin celebrities so they engage in eating disorders which leads to severe 5 health issues and even death. The answer to my question about teenagers’ becoming lazy, aggressive, too skiny or obese because of the mass media was not surprising more than 85 percent declared that teens can fall under such an influence of the media. Apart from that, about half of respondents said the mass media does not influence their lifestyle in the sense of changing their eating habits and perception of the ideal body image. However, 80 % of the interviewed underscored the role of the media in cahanging habits in nutrition and their personal style, as well as the perfect body look. Moreover, when we watch TV or a movie, we usually see many images of violence and people hurting others. The problem with this is that it can become a traumatic experience especially with our children, as we see it more and more. Our kids that are starting to grow and are shaping their personality, values and beliefs can become aggressive or they can lose a sense of reality. In the past years there have been some cases of kids carrying a gun at school and even hurting others with it. Those kids have been linked to excessive use of violent video games and war images. In my opinion the way to stop or prevent bad and negative influence of the media is to learn how to use it safely. Teenagers should set aside a part of their day for noneducational media, such as TV, and keep the rest of the day separate. They should also respect their limit and do not go over it. In my opinion, young people shouldn’t spend more than one or two hours in front of a screen — TV, computer and movies — each day. Everyone ought to be able to separate fiction from reality in the media and use their own judgment. Using knowledge about media will help teens to stay safe and healthy as well. And a message to all the yound people: Just because you are growing up in the world run by media does not mean you have to be one of the medias statistics! How big is the role of the mass media in shaping up your opinion? Too many teenagers are exposed to the mass media. While they watch TV or spend time on facebook, they â€Å"absorb† other people’s opinions and start looking up to different ‘celebrities’. Teenagers change their attitudes and behaviour, too. There are several more negative media effects on teenagers as well. The amount of excessive violence in media – be it the television, movies or the video games, tends to increase aggressive tendencies in teenagers. The amount of celebrities created by the media causes many children to make irrational demands for designer clothing, accessories and other perks of the celebrity life that they are exposed to. Glorification of unhealthy habits like smoking, drug abuse and alcohol can encourage these habits in teenagers, which can permanently scar their lives. 6 Only 2% of girls and 4% of boys admit that they surely shape up their opinions while they are exposed to the mass media. 29% of girls and 43% of boys disagree that they form opinions under the influence of the mass media. They say that there is no way that they do this. Every third girl and every fourth boy believes that the mass media play an important role in shaping up their opinion. In addition to this, some of them or 2/5 girls and 3/10 boys think that it depends on what kind of shows and programs they watch or sites on the Internet where they surf. I am sure that it does not matter what people in the mass media say, every teenager ought to have his own opinion and attitudes and to be unique in everything they do. In my opinion, each person is individual and should not try to be someone else. Teenagers should believe in themselves because only in that way will they achieve what they dream about. Homework is not as funny as the media is The days of children coming home from school, eating homemade lunch and cookies and then going outside to play with their friends until it is time to do homework are gone. Today, older children are often home alone after school. As a result, they sometimes are tempted to spend their time being entertained with video games, watching television, downloading music and chatting on the Internet instead of doing their homework and more active leisure activities. These temptations are all competing for childrens time at the expense of their education, health and well-being. Teenagers spend about 6 hours at school. They should also study at home and do their exercises and practice. Their parents sometimes give them house chores so sometimes boys must mow the lawn or girls must do the washing up or iron clothes. Actually, do teenagers do their obligations and chores? Do they have time for any of their obligations and duties after the whole day spent in front of the TV or surfing the Internet? The statistic is devastating. More than 60% girls and 50% boys neglect their studying in favour of being over exposed to the mass media. Every fifth girl and every fourth boy do not do what they should do almost every day and disregard studying. It is shocking to find out that only one of ten girls and one of five boys rarely waste their time being exposed to the mass media. Furthermore, 12. 5 % girls and 11% boys neglect their studying. As we can see boys and girls have the same habits, which are, unfotunately, wrong. It should be clear to everyone that good results at school cannot be achieved without hard work and practicing at home. In my opinion, teenagers should try to realize what is more important, turn off their computers and TVs and start studying. Face -to-face is not â€Å"cool† Relationships with others are at the heart of adolescent experience. Young people are concerned with making and keeping friends, and they invest a great deal of energy in group social life in order to do so. They place a lot of importance on belonging, on being included and on being part of a group. Group affiliation not only supplies emotional security, but also is a source of status and reputation with motivational properties. Thus the group context of social relations assumes a centrally important place in personality development during the adolescent years. 7 Due to the speed of life, the day of 24 hours is short and in the absence of time, young people, in order to meet their need for company of others, must find a way to keep in touch with the people around them. Social networks are an ideal solution for this problem, but in many cases that leads to the formation depending on the chat, and send messages with friends. Also ignored are the old forms of communication and often face-to-face conversations are being neglected today. New media such as the internet and cell phones are not only easily accessible, but also cooler than for example writing letters. Sometimes you can hear from teens that that ways of talking are old-fashioned and not interesting. Of all respondents 60% said that the popular media are better than those who are left behind. On the other hand, one of five teens thinks that the face-to-face communication is normal feature of the human race. However, when asked whether a conversation over a cup of coffee can replace the chat on the internet 4 / 5 students stated that this is impossible and it is better to talk about the problems ’live’ with a friend or someone who will listen and understand you. I do not know how this is possible, but it is obvious that teenagers grab these new media as a modern way of communication, but they still know that what they are doing is wrong. Social networks are increasingly spreading among the young ones, but I hope that they will soon realize what the best for them is. Reading, who cares about that? Reading books was very popular in the past†¦ Students had to read school books and every child had to read books at home†¦ There was no TV and reading was the only way to have some fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Romeo and Juliet†, â€Å"20 000 leagues under the sea† and â€Å"Don Quixote† are some of the most famous books in the world†¦ They were read a lot up to about 20-30 years ago, but now some children have never even heard of these books. This might seem funny, but when you ask a teenager about some famous writer and he does not know to tell you anything about him, you will realise how big this problem is. In addition, you should know that they will think you are crazy when you can ask something like that†¦ That simply is not cool†¦. The survey conducted in my school showed that: 17% of girls and 33. 5% of boys never read books recreationally which I think is so bad for them†¦Books are very important because by reading them we not only increase our vocabulary but also our knowledge and knowledge is the food for the mind and soul. Two of five girls and one of five boys read books often†¦.. and 21. 5% of girls and only 10% of boys read books hardly ever read. 24% of girls and 37% of boys sometimes read books. 8 I wonder how students can improve their knowledge without reading. It is hard to say. When we read we learn new things and we find what we are interested in or what we would love to do. Reading also increases our ability to imagine and we become more creative. The statistics suggests that books are not very popular and interesting for children. I think teachers should talk to students and try to explain them that reading as well as travelling broadens our horizons. TV and the Internet can also play a great part in popularising reading among teenagers. Playing sport is healthy Many teens in high school go for sports. A lot of them try one sport or another because they think it will make them popular or get them more dates. While this may seem like a silly reason, there are lots of other benefits of sports that teenagers may overlook. Here are some reasons: With TV, movies, computers, and video games becoming more and more popular, it has become so much easier for teens to be by themselves rather than going out with friends. Kids used to hang out in parks or drive around town; now they just sit at home. Getting teens into sports gives them the opportunity to go out and socialize. While they may not find a new best friend, they will learn how to interact and work as a team; something they will find useful later in life. One of the biggest problems in our society today is obesity, and it is not just a problem with adults. More and more kids are becoming overweight. Joining a team sport will help teens get out and get some exercise without feeling pressured to lose weight or get in shape. Plus, if he or she sees that their physical condition is causing them to under-perform, they may be motivated to do other activities to get healthy. By the time when children reach their teenager years they will know the direction and be encouraged to continue developing a healthy style of living. In my school 3/5 of examined said that they play some sport and most of them are boys. It is a big problem because more than 60% girls do not love and play any. Most of the students who said they play sports emphasized that they do that because they love it and it is healthy 9 and helps them to stay fit and slim. This is good for their life and I think they should carry on and make their peers do the same. Something about the most popular social network Facebook Facebook (stylized facebook) is a social networking service and website launched in 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. As of January 2011, Facebook has more than 600 million active users. Users may create a personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Additionally, users may join common interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics. Facebook is the most popular social network in Serbia too. Some kids spend more than 7 hours per day on Facebook. I asked pupils in my school what teenagers would do in case facebook stopped to exist. Most of them said that they would do nothing or would not know what to do. There are some students who think that it would be a very big, bed, global problem because millions of users would be disappointed, nervous and fall into depression. But, there are those who hope new facebook will appear soon so that they can move to other social networks. Some respondents said life would go on and they would study more, hang out with their friends, and pay more attention to reading. If this ever happens, young people will have a chance to turn to a healthier way of life and growing up. Conclusion How would teeangers imagine an ideal day without mass media? There is a wide range of activities they can do. Students said that they would turn to sport, walking around the town, hiking, having barbecues, reading, studying more and they were really creative while thinking about that.

NFL Hater Alternative Ways to Spend Super Bowl Sunday

NFL Hater Alternative Ways to Spend Super Bowl Sunday Super Bowl Sunday! Bread and circuses, bread and circuses! Not really into it? Thats not a problem and theres nothing wrong with you. Super Bowl haters are no more considered abnormal, non-conformists and aliens. Its not your fault that unlike millions of Americans you know better than sitting in front of TV eating junk food, pretending to understand whats going on and in fact just coming for food and drinking games. If you are not going for a Super Bowl Party youve got to fill your Sunday with some alternative plans (cause all your friends and relatives and acquaintances will probably be watching football). Alas, we’ve put together quite a list of things you can try on Super Bowl Sunday. Fear not. It’s not the average, â€Å"Go play some Frisbee golf† list of alternatives. Alternative #1: Do Something Different In reality this should become a personal philosophy of yours from here on out. Did you do the same stuff today that you did yesterday? How about the day before that? It’s time to burst out of your comfort bubble. Do something that makes you uncomfortable. Do something out of the ordinary for â€Å"someone like you.† Here’s a thought, do something you try to avoid. Or, something you’ve never done yet out of fear (nothing bad or illegal). Why do it this Sunday? Super Bowl happens every year. Pretty soon the roman numerals will reach a point where absolutely no one has a clue what number it is (we may have already reached this point). But your life is only going to happen this one, very brief and fleeting, time. And remember youve dreamt about the day when you have nothing to do and nobody is bothering you? Well, thats the day, so use it to do something you wont regret about. Alternative #2: Go Knit Something! Just kidding. Alternative #3: Watch TED Talks All Day You can do everything that the Super Bowl people are doing, just change up the programming to something more â€Å"progressive†. So chips, BBQ wings, a gargantuan hi-def plasma TV, and a bunch of high achievers (99% of which couldn’t make it through try outs in middle school). Youll learn lots of useful, have mixed emotions, enrich your outlook with fresh ideas. TED talks are awesome, mind-blowing and inspiring. Pretty close to the Super Bowl, except no one’s wearing helmets. If you are not that much into educational programs like TED, you are welcome to replace it with your favourite TV series or old movies youve always wanted to see. Alternative #4: Pretend The World’s Ending†¦ The idea appeared first in the smosh.com article a couple years ago, but it is still relevant. If you live in a big (or small) sports-nut town, then the streets, movie theatres, and pretty much everywhere else but the sports bars should be empty during the Super Bowl. You could dress up like a medical patient that just woke up out of a coma into the aftermath of the apocalypse where only roaming bands of renegades and zombies still lurk around every corner. Then, just start wandering around. Just remember: â€Å"It’s fun to pretend, but make sure you dont get overzealous and start looting because this apocalypse is only going to happen until the game is over and you will go to a very real jail.† Alternative #5: Sleep The semester has only started and youve got lots of sleepless nights ahead. Whats more, New Years wasn’t that long ago. And not to mention that students are always sleep deprived. You deserve some rest, and thats the day you can sleep through with no regrets. Alternative #6: Just Be Absolutely Clueless Stop being all defensive. Who cares if you don’t care about the dang Super Bowl? Why youve being all insecure about this? Just go about your day as if you haven’t got clue-one what football is, what the Super Bowl is, or what the big deal is anyway. Twiddle your thumbs, kick some rocks, count some sheep. Whatever floats your boat! Alternative #8: Try to Awaken the Sports-Hordes It’s true, one of the signs of a crumbling empire is that it turns into mob-rule that craves distractions: games, bread, and circuses. You’re right, the world needs saving. Instead of wasting your time watching the Super Bowl, write an epic speech that will inspire the masses, awaken them, enlighten them, and galvanize them to save the rain forest, get income disparity under control, slow down the pace of evolving artificial intelligence! The future of the world is in your hands now! Alternative #9: Alternative Party Who said that you cant host a party just because everyone will be watching football? There are lots of NFL haters, hippies and non-conformists, geeks and intellectuals, and single girls who are also going to ignore Super Bowl Parties and will be more than excited to help you organize the alternative one. The theme of your party may be just that super bowl hating, with vegan snacks and drinks other than beer. Or you may choose any other theme that is suitable to your mood, and weather, and place where you going to host it. We are not going to be that cliche to include alternative #10 in the list as you may expect. But if you have any ideas that can be added to our list share them in the comments!

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment Essay - 1

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment - Essay Example The company has employed over 7600 employers in the UK and overseas. M&S ultimate goal is to become a major retailer in the global market. The company has come up with strategic plans to help them achieve this goal. The first plan was launched in 2007 and aimed at achieving at attaining 100 commitments in 5 years but the plan has extended to 180 commitments to be attained by 2015 (Thompson 15). The first section of the paper analyses M&S external environment. The external environment analysis pays attention the factors affecting the company and is often referred to as the macro environment. This entails the study of the how the company deals with change in the market, how it responds to the market demands and any competitive forces in the market. The analysis of the external market is done using the PESTEL analysis and the Porter Five Forces (Baines et al. 33). The second section analyses the company’s internal environment using the SWOT analysis. Analysis of both the internal and external environment affects the strategic analysis of the company. The strategic analysis of a company helps identify the environmental factors that impact on a company (Harris 55). Additionally, it clearly outlines the activities in the organisation and outside the organisation. M&S External Environment The external environment is made up of the forces and conditions that are beyond the company’s control and influence the company’s strategic options. Furthermore, it defines the competitive forces that could have positive and negative effects on the company (Harris 55). The PESTLE model is used to analyse the classes of external factors that can affect M&S ability to expand and survive in the current competitive market. PESTLE Analysis The company’s growth depends on the political stability, business growth and investor growth in the country. The government sets rules and regulations that companies must abide by including risk control and assessment, healt h and safety and planning for hazard identification. Additionally, the legal and administrative factors in the economy including trade regulations, tax rates, incentives, pricing regulation and employee benefits (Hibbit 1998). The company has been faced by various political factors such as the war in Iraq that led to instability in the UK economy. The company failed to abide by the health and safety regulation established by the British Standards. George Blair who was injured in the line of duty after the company continued to ignore repairs also charged the company (Hibbit 1998). Finally, in 2006 the company was the first giant retailer to be affected by the Fair trade route on its clothing and food sections. This included a regulations relating to animal welfare protection and to cut down on the fat and salt content. Economic Factors The economic environment surrounding the company is highly uncertain and has huge impact on all the company’s segment including food, clothing and furniture. M&S was adversely affected by the global recession and cut down on the number of employees and closed a number of stores. The government’s legislation to increase the VAT led to a drastic decline in the company’s sales (Harris 55). However, in the recent times, the economy has had a positive

Course work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Course work - Coursework Example The value could be either too small or too large. In a data set of exam results where all students score between 65 percent and 80 percent except one student with 23 percent, the 23 percent is an outlier because it is too small, compared to the other values (Mann 2010, p. 82). Correlation is a statistical measure for association between variables and shows strength and direction of the association. Regression, like correlation, is a statistical measure for association between variables, but also offers a model for the relationship. Correlation coefficient is however a measure of strength of association between variables (Miller & Yang 2007, p. 428). One of the features of r is its magnitude that lies between -1 and 1. The measure is also â€Å"independent of change of scale and origin† for both x and y variables of points (Sharma 2009, p. 281). The statistic is also a â€Å"geometric mean of two regression coefficients,† and the extent of association between two variables â€Å"is symmetric† (Sharma 2009, p. 282). Forming the committee requires selection of ten members, by profession, and these can form the committee in any order. Combination will help in determining possible arrangements from each profession, followed by multiplication of the arrangements. The 10 members are arranged without regard to order and without

Is Knowledge Closed Under Known Entailment Essay

Is Knowledge Closed Under Known Entailment - Essay Example This entails the skeptic hypothesis of falsity approach that suggests that such thoughts are false. The truth is that a person is a handless brain in a vat making all his experiences hallucinations. The falsity entailed within the skeptical hypotheses would be known by virtue of the fact that under the knowledge entailment is being closed. Since the skeptical hypothesis of falsity cannot be known as the skeptics support, the common sense truth must also not be known, which suggests that a person has hands. The anti-skeptics alternatively centralize around the possibility of the failure of people to be aware of the common sense truth proposition, and therefore, in the closure principle virtue, people can become aware of the entailed falsity within the approach of the skeptics. Although anti-skeptics sometimes use the closure principle, some view the closure rejection as the key to the skeptic’s reputation. The following case argument based on Fred Dretske work will help give a supposed closure counter example. At the zoo, Joe goes to a cage marked zebra. He looks at the caged stripped animal and believes it is a zebra. It seems, in fact, that Joe knows they are zebras. For the animal to be a zebra, then it cannot be a mule that has been cleverly disguised. Joe know what a zebra is, he is aware of this fact as well, which leaves the question if he knows that the animal right in front of him is not a mule, would that have been cleverly disguised? Dretske says, it does not and suggests that this answer is intuitive.

System of cyber warfare

System of cyber warfare Introduction: Could hackers get into the main computer systems that run fundamental elements of the most worlds infrastructure informations? Today its not only possible, but all of that has actually happened before, and plus a lot more we dont even know about. Many believe that cyber war experts could be used to launch a major attack on the nations infrastructure. According to the researchers, other noticeable trends will include greater interest and awareness in continuing cyber war activities going on in the international area, and greater than before use of shade based defenses to help organizations share intelligence and stay ahead of attacks. The country of Chinas hacking and cyber combat capabilities includes that China is likely using its growing computer system operation capability to maintain intelligence gathering against the United States government and industry by conducting a extensive period, complicated computer system operation.[1] I think there are a lot of evidence that shows Chi nese government is using hacking techniques to embezzle United States government and diligence secrets. Also, many of the attacks have come from Russia. Numerous of the cyber attacks are being hosted by Russian state computer main servers. Im going to argue that the water works, electrical power, internet, cyberspace, defense, telecommunications, and transportation is highly vulnerable to cyber attack. There are possible threats to computing facility and the information contained that it is in are to determine the security measurements that should be investigated plus both external and internal threats.[2] Cyber threats can be grouped into deliberate threats, accidental threats, and natural disasters such as water and fire. It is because of natural disasters have typically been very critical and likewise expensive, there are computing main centers security budget is geared to prevent and recover from a huge devastating natural disasters.[3] One of the reason why water resource will be in great damage is because due to fire sprinklers. Thousands of firefighters can be more damaging than the fire itself. Since the main computer circuits and magnetic storage media are not even near the fire so it may be damaged too. Not only that but the other sources of water damage may come from many tropical storms such as floods. It will cause danger activities of the firefighter on higher floors, leakage in the main computers water cooling system, sewers backing, broken pipes, and many more. But on the other hand, there are other natural calamities that may occur to computing centers include sandblasting near air conditioning intakes, gas or chemicals, lightning, war, aircraft crashes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and explosions.[4] The sprinkler systems are often the second line of defense. If a sprinkler system is to be used, there should be at least a delay between the alarm and the water so that the equipment can be powered down and the fire can be put out by hand held equipment. Energy Electrical Power and Grids: Second reason why there is a greater chance on cyber attack is the electrical power. There are various sectors of critical infrastructure sectors have unique types of location, structure, and facilities. Consequently, all the information that is potentially responsive will vary by sites, by sector and among similar sites in various locations. Energy sectors such as electrical power systems are very complex networks composed of the transmission, generation, control, and support networks. In which case, they will work together to supply electricity to end users. But overall, the national electrical power grid is an enormously organized and active system. There is numerous major electrical power generation sources that are petroleum, gas, hydroelectric, nuclear, and coal.[5] They are the control networks that are information control points that regular the overall system operations. Also, they support the networks that provide resources and information that the other networks need to op erate. I think that there are possible vulnerabilities of the energy sector that may vary drastically with regard to possible contact within and outside its systems. Vulnerabilities exist in terms of both objective and cyber attacks. In general, the targets of potential highest value are those located in populated country or urban areas where attacks will generate the maximum prospective impact In addition, the energy sector facilities that contain hazardous materials, of which there are many, could also prove vulnerable target.[6] Many of these targets meeting with great criteria should be considered highly vulnerable. The Internet: Information system like the Internet are very defenseless to cyber attack, as evidenced by the quickly rising number of system intrusions. Well the focus here is on the criminal violators, including terrorists who seek to attack and destroy elements of society. A different, and potentially more severe, threat is where the attacker is a sovereign state. That class of attack, constituting what is called information warfare, is beyond the scope of the discussion here and of the Draft International Convention.[7] The Internet provides the basis for the global information infrastructure and it gradually more provides connectivity for a wide range of other infrastructures. The Internet is governed through the voluntary actions of the technical people who expand and extend its functionality. Many internet are basically running on the basis of network protocols, agreements on how information should appear in a message, how that information is to interpreted and the format of that message.[8] There are strong arguments for imposing liability on Internet Service Providers for violations of cyber security and they can track the four core intuitions outlined in the previous section.[9] Some people say that individuals who originate malicious computer code are typically far beyond the reach of conventional law. Well for one thing, they are very hard to identify. So saboteurs use the Internets topology to conceal their tracks by routing messages through a convoluted path that is difficult for authorities to uncover. Moreover, by the time a computer virus or a worm is detected, the trail often is cold or loss. Even if the attackers were caught, the individuals who create malicious computer code rarely have to sufficient assets to pay for the losses they impose.[10] Moreover, careless firms and users would typically not be that hard to track down. I think the only sense in which these bad attackers are beyond the reach of law is the practical concern about the costs of identifying and suing them as compared to the fraction of the damages for which they might be held legally responsible. Cyber Space: One thing is that the rise of cyberspace has greatly facilitated all kinds of activity including governmental interaction, commercial, and social. There is no doubt that cyberspace today constitutes expensive real estate indeed. They have also running scared control of many real world processes through cyberspace. Because of this increased value, the security of cyberspace has grown in importance. The rise of terrorism as one of the type of symmetric and distributed ware, has threaten not only the gains derived from cyberspace but the activities that now come to depend on communication through cyberspace infrastructure.[11] There are obvious problems in making detailed recommendations about the United States government role in critical infrastructure protection in general, and in dealing with the powerful threats posed by cyber warfare and cyber terrorism in particular. Also it is very clear that the U.S. has made substantial progress in defining policies and strategies for dealing with the new threats to its critical infrastructure. At the same time, there is a disturbing gap between the military focus on asymmetric ware fare and civil focus on cyber crime and cyber terrorism. Well for me, the only way for a success is ultimately be for the U.S. government to focus on only those threats that truly being threaten the nation.[12] Cyber war is a case in point, as is high level cyber terrorism. So they are efforts to create effective international cooperation in limiting all forms of cyber attacks. United States Defense Infrastructure: Another reason why is the disconnecting between cyber defense and cyber offense. There is also a clear disconnect between the efforts in the United States to plan offensive cyber warfare and efforts at cyber defense. Many defenders also assert that technology in favors the attackers, prevents attribution, and makes counteroffensive difficult or impossible.[13] I believe that the United States military and defense officials involved in information warfare and planning and executing cyber war have divided views. I feel that those people who directly involved in cyber offense generally seem to feel that carrying out a successful major cyber attack is far more difficult than those outside the national security arena recognize. This disconnect between defense and offense illustrates a basic problem underlying both any unclassified analysis of cyber threats and their impact on homeland defense.[14] In the book Mapping the Risk: Assessing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information, Anthony quoted: For potential attackers, such as terrorist groups, seeking to cause casualties or economic disruption, the United States is a target-rich-environment. Many critical sites are relatively vulnerable to various types of attacks involving conventional explosives, weapons of mass destruction, or unconventional means of attack, such as aircraft crashes.[15] To improve the protection of the most critical facilities and location within the U.S. Homeland, the federal government is pursuing a comprehensive national approach to their physical and cyber protection in partnership with state and local governments and the private sector. Telecommunication: In Hong Kong, computer crimes are as a rule, governed under the Telecommunications Ordinance. Under Hong Kong law, offenses against e-mail, damage and destruction, computer fraud, and theft of electronic data are all criminal offenses.[16] Abraham argue that in the Peoples Republic of China, all computer related crimes are covered by Articles 258-287 of the Criminal Code.[17] He also mention that if they illegally interfering in the operation of a computer system, they will be punish by a minimum sentence of five years in prison. The legislatures of Western and Central European countries have been active in promulgating laws prohibiting unauthorized access, computer sabotage, computer espionage data manipulation, and computer fraud.[18] This shows that one area in which the national laws of European countries are significantly in agreement is that of computer sabotage, which encompasses purposeful damage to the integrity of computers, computer afforded to computer stored data among the criminal laws of European states. Throughout this paper we have seen or believed that the United States is vulnerable to various types of information cyber warfare attacks. Many threats that are range from nuisance attacks by hackers to those potentially putting national security at risk. Critical command and control and intelligence systems are designed to be robust and secure under attack. We see that our cyber security is a leading national problem for which the market may fail to produce a solution. Much has been said about the threat posed by worldwide cyber crime, but little has been down to protect against it. All they need to do is to meet challenge immediate and compelling necessity. Bibliography Anderson, H. Robert. Feldman, M Phillip. Gerwehr, SCott. Houghton, Brian. Mesic, Richard. John, D. Pinder. Jeff, Rothenberg. Chiesa, James. Securing the U.S. Defense Information Infrastructure: A Proposed Approach. National Defense Research Institue. Washington D.C. 1999. Baker, C. John. Lachman, E. Beth. Frelinger, R. David. OConnell, M. Kevin. Hou, C. Alexander. Tseng, S. Michael. Orletsky, David. Yost, Charles. Mapping the Risks: Assissing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information. RAND Corporation. 2004. Cordesman, H. Anthony. Cordesman, G. Justin. Cyber-Threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Defending the U.S. Homeland. Praeger. Connecticut. 2002. Grady, F. Mark. Parisi, Francesco. The Law and Economics of Cyber Security. Cambridge University Press. New York. 2006. McMillian, Robert. IDG News Service. PCWorld. October 27, 2009. March 15, 2010. http://www.pcworld.com/article/174210/report_says_china_ready_for_cyberwar_espionage.html. Sofaer, D. Abraham. Goodman, E. Seymour. The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism. Hoover Institution Press Publication. California. 2001. Walker, J. Bruce. Blake, F. Ian. Computer Security and Protection Structures. Dowden Hutchinson Ross, Inc. Pennsylvania. 1977. McMillian, Robert. IDG News Service. PCWorld. October 27, 2009. March 15, 2010. http://www.pcworld.com/article/174210/report_says_china_ready_for_cyberwar_espionage.html. Walker, J. Bruce. Blake, F. Ian. Computer Security and Protection Structures. Dowden Hutchinson Ross, Inc. Pennsylvania. 1977.p.1. Walker. Ibid., p. 1. Walker. Ibid., p. 2. Baker, C. John. Lachman, E. Beth. Frelinger, R. David. OConnell, M. Kevin. Hou, C. Alexander. Tseng, S. Michael. Orletsky, David. Yost, Charles. Mapping the Risks: Assissing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information. RAND Corporation. 2004., p.184. Baker, Ibid., p. 185 . Sofaer, D. Abraham. Goodman, E. Seymour. The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism. Hoover Institution Press Publication. California. 2001., p.126. Sofaer. Ibid., p. 127 Grady, F. Mark. Parisi, Francesco. The Law and Economics of Cyber Security. Cambridge University Press. New York. 2006. p.232. Grady. Ibid., p.234. Grady. Ibid., p.259. Cordesman, H. Anthony. Cordesman, G. Justin. Cyber-Threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Defending the U.S. Homeland. Praeger. Connecticut. 2002. p.179. Cordesman. Ibid., p.3. Cordesman. Ibid., p.3. Cordesman. Ibid., p.180. Sofaer, D. Abraham. Goodman, E. Seymour. The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism. Hoover Institution Press Publication. California. 2001. p.44. Cordesman. Ibid., p.44. Cordesman. Ibid., p.45.

The High School Gymnasium :: Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

My alarm clock blares into my silent room. It’s time to spend the early hours of my Saturday morning at the same place I spent the late hours of my Friday night. Groggily I get dressed and leave without breakfast. When I arrive, it is dark, empty and cold. The lonely feeling replaces what was bright, full and warm just hours ago. This place is the gymnasium at my high school. For four years, I have exerted sweat, tears, and even blood in this place. On this stage, four years of my growing up and maturing were played out for anyone willing to pay two dollars. I have been everywhere in this gym, from standing high on the bleachers with a bird’s eye view, to lying on the ground debating whether to rise only to get knocked down again. Those who have left a part of themselves in this place can breathe deeply and inhale experiences. Experiences of glorious victories and experiences of embarrassing defeats; both experiences I have left in that gym. Friendships were made and lost on that court, and other ones strengthened when my friends from outside came with their support and encouragement. It is here I learned perseverance, hard work, determination and loyalty. It is not here that I found who I was, but more who I was not. It is here I had to not settle for mediocrity, but strive for excellence. When I think back to the long hours I spent in this gymnasium, the most prominent memory will be my final game there. It was a night of emotions. I was surrounded by encouraging teammates, supportive family and friends, and finally I received my reward for the energy I had spent there for four years: I made the game winning shot. While my name will soon be taken down from the wall, and another person will wear number thirty-three in that gym, I have left a piece of me there, which is the beauty of the place.

Psychological Disorder Analysis Essay

Marla is a 42 year old Hispanic female accountant, that has complaints of trouble sleeping, feeling jumpy all the time, and unable to concentrate. With these symptoms it is causing her issues at work. There are several disorders that Marla could be suffering from but, it seems to be that one stands out from the rest. Post-Traumatic Disorder also known as PTSD, this is caused when a person experiences something traumatic such as a violent crime against them, a car accident, active military combat duty, the loss of a loved one, etc. Marla sat in my office nervous and unsure as if she was even in the right place. I asked her if she was okay and what brought her to see me. Marla told me of her symptoms and said she was unsure if she should even be here. I asked her if she has been to a family doctor to discuss her problems that she was having and she assured me that she had and came out with a clean bill of health. He doctor suggested to come see me and talked about what she was feeling and going through. With this and much reassurance from me telling her she did the right thing. I proceeded to ask her the following questions: Marla, what would you like to accomplish by being here? â€Å"I want to be able to feel normal again and to feel like myself again.† I think that is something that we can do with and I would like to ask you a little bit more about what you are feeling and maybe why you are feeling the way you do. Marla agrees. When did you start to notice the symptoms you are experiencing? â€Å"I started to really notice it about a month ago, my boss and some co-workers started to question me where I was not performing at my normal standards and coming into work late from not getting any sleep.† Is there any family history of depression, anxiety, or any mental illness? â€Å"Not that I am aware of†¦. As far as I know none of my family has ever had any issues mentally or been mentally ill.† She seemed kind of curios as to why I would ask such a thing, I ensured her that I am only asking to better help her and understand more ab out what she may be going through. Have there been any changes in your life recently? Good or bad? â€Å"Not that I can  think of.† Have you been a victim of a crime or served in the military on active duty before? â€Å"I have never been in the military or been the victim of a crime.† Have you had anything happen to you or somebody close to you? No, but I was a witness to a women walking in the parking lot with her husband and got hit by a car about six months ago.† Really, tell me more Marla. Well I was walking into work and an older women and her husband where walking hand in hand when a car driven by an elderly couple seemed to gain speed and struck the women where she rolled over the top of the car and landed several yards away from where she was. The elderly couple that was driving hit a pole which stopped their car. The driver had a heart attack and the passenger was hurt pretty bad but did not seem to be critical. When the ambulance and police showed up they called for a helicopter to take the women to the hospital that was struck, she was none responsive and just laid there twitching. There was blood everywhere and seemed to be pooling from the back of her head. I stayed there with the lady and tried to calm her husband that seemed lost and unsure of what to do. I was able to call his adult children to come to his aid and inform them of what happen. The EMT’s lifted her from the ground and laying there on the ground was a lock of her hair that was attached to part of her skull. They air lifted the women to a trauma center but died before they made it there. The couple in the car also passed away from injuries from the accident as well. I will never forget the look on the husbands face as he stood there helpless crying for his wife and pleading for them to help her. Well Marla I would say that could be pretty traumatic to see, have you talked to anybody about this? Not until now†¦ I did not think I would need to. Have you had any thoughts about this lately or think about it at all? Sometimes I do, I still cannot walk where she was lying on the ground I still see her laying there in my mind and them lifting her up with the piece of skull and hair laying there. I guess I was okay until I saw that. Marla I would have to say that you are suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Why would I now be having or suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder now 5 months later? PTSD is not always an instant onset of symptoms. It can come out days, months, or ever years later. Let’s talk more about this PTSD so you better understand it. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can occur in some individuals who have been exposed to a life threatening situation, or a situation which they have been witness in which another person is exposed to danger. The onset of symptoms with PTSD do not always happen immediately following the traumatic event, therefore the association between the symptoms and the initial event is often overlooked. A person with PTSD will be hyper-vigilant, and can react to an unsettling situation with physiological symptoms such as upset stomach, headache, or dizziness. People with PTSD can also suffer from depression or panic disorder, although this is not always the case. Avoiding stimuli which can trigger an anxious reaction is normal for the PTSD sufferer, and many become withdrawn from social interaction with friends and family members. Some may also have problems continuing an intimate relationship, and angry outbursts for no particular reason can cause problems with interpersonal relationships, as well as jeopardizing one’s employment. Treatment for PTSD can be relatively straight forward, although not always easy for the patient to endure. Being taught how to effectively relax is paramount, and once this goal has been achieved, the process of systematic desensitization can gradually take place. The desensitization process involves confronting the stimuli which cause the patient to have an anxious episode. Oftentimes, the stimuli from a particular location and for some it may be a certain situation which serves as an unconscious reminder of the traumatic event. The more a person is subjected to the offending location or situation, the less intense the fear becomes. This is achieved by implementing the relaxation strategies at the same time the stimuli are presented. The association between the relaxed state and the stimuli will eventually be achieved, disarming the stimuli and giving control back to the patient. In this situation Marla needs to see that there was nothing she could do. Being made aware of maladaptive responses to stimuli, patients are better able to identify which anxieties are due to the normal course of life, and which are patterns of irrational thinking related to their disorder.  According to DSM-IV, PTSD can occur at any age, to either gender, and the onset of symptoms can be delayed by months or even years (DSM-IV, 1994, p.426). According to Cognitive-Behavioral theorists, learned behaviors from conditioning can produce unsavory responses; both physically and psychologically. Unfortunately for the patient, these responses can occur whether it is their intent to react in such a way or not. In Marla’s case, the association with the accident she witnessed affected her life and her psychological and physiological having to walk by the certain spot where the accident took place as well as not speaking to or letting out how she felt or was feeling. Learned behaviors can be unlearned, just as new and more effective behaviors can be adopted. Marla, was correct in coming to talk to physiologist as to let out her feelings that she had pent up inside and to release the emotions that she had not expressed before now. Marla’s hyper vigilance and feelings of anxiousness can be alleviated and bought under control with practice, relaxation such as yoga, breathing technics, praying finding a solace in religion, keeping a diary of how she is feeling, and/or frequent exposure to the offending stimuli knowing that things do happen for a reason and there is nothing we can do to stop it, and in conjunction with Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, she may also benefit by taking an antidepressant (SSRI) such as Prozac, Zoloft or Paxil. This situation that I put in place for Marla is one that I actually experienced myself while I was at work and still to this day have flash backs of that day when I witnessed it and was placed in charge of handling the situation. It is not something I would ever want to see again or want to experience over. I did how ever take her death to heart and realized that my life had more meaning to it than what I was doing and decided to come back to school to earn my degree so I can help others and feel I make a difference to people. I will not let her death or the couple that died that was driving the car be in vein. I took this as a sign that I cannot waste my life doing something that does not make me happy, life is too short. Reference American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Faces of Abnormal Psychology, 2007. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment Strategy. Retrieved July 4, 2009, from http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/faces

History of the Pharisees in Christianity

History of the Pharisees in Christianity Much of what is known about the Pharisees arguably comes from Biblical sources, specifically from the Christian tradition. There were many instances in the Gospels when Jesus was confronted by the Pharisees and vice versa. For the Pharisees, the â€Å"meticulous observance of the Torah and its commandments †¦ reflects the highest form of divine service.†1 From this perspective the self-righteous stance of the Pharisees is very much evident and it is contrasted with the humility exhibited by the common people of that era.2Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Pharisees in Christianity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Pharisees are hated and reviled by those who condemn a narrow-minded approach to applying traditions. But a close examination of their history and belief system will reveal that they are not evil people and that they have many things in common with religious conservative s of today. There are those who may read the Christian Bible and make the conclusion that the Pharisees were the top religious party when it comes to Judaism but there are those who argue that this group were simply one of the several sects â€Å"each of limited membership, competing for the attention of the unaffiliated majority.†3 Nevertheless, a conservative assessment of the extent of their power and influence had to give way to the realization that the Pharisees were â€Å"the largest and ultimately most influential of all the sects present during the 1st century.4 Nevertheless, the group’s rise to prominence was due in part to the spirit of the times when the masses wanted to break free from the oppression of the Roman Empire and the lack of satisfaction they felt with their religion. Furthermore, scholars like Smith pointed out the necessity of entrusting the Jewish population to the control of the Pharisees after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD also expl ains their rise to power even after the time of Christ.5 Thus, it can be argued that the religious and political party of the Sadducees was established first. Afterwards the Pharisees came into the picture in the hopes of instituting reforms in Jewish society. They strengthened their position so that they were able to overshadow the Sadducees in later years so much so that â€Å"the active period of Pharasaism, the most influential movement in the development of Orthodox Judaism, extended well into the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.6 But during time of Christ the Pharisees were on equal footing with the Sadducees. If the politics of 1st century Jewish society can be reduced to two dominant parties then the Sadducees and the Pharisees takes the top two positions.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before going any further it is important to pinpoint the early begin nings of Pharisaism and the emergence of the Pharisees. There are scholars who believe that the rise of the Pharisees can be traced back to the return of the Judean exiles from Babylon.7 It was during this period when the Pentateuch was canonized.8 The breakaway group was steadily formed when certain Jews lament the fact that not all the laws practiced by before the Babylonian captivity were included in the Pentateuch. The Sadducees – the political party of the high priesthood – cannot accept any teaching or rule that cannot be found in the Pentateuch or the written law.9 It is easy to understand why the Sadducees would not give in because in their mind, traditions and the written code are the basis for any action or decision-making process. There is stability to traditions and there is a level of certainty when one adheres to something that has been in use for hundreds of years. In other words the Sadducees founded their belief system on the written law while the Phar isees wanted to expand the scope to include both written and oral laws. The Sadducees are in a formidable position because they can point to Moses as the giver of laws. Furthermore, the written law that they have covers a broad spectrum of social, religious and moral issues. The Pharisees, however, insisted that the oral laws are as important as the written laws because the oral laws clearly explain the spirit of the law. The Pharisees did not conjure these ideas out of thin air; using the written law they were able to prove that indeed oral laws must be used side-by-side with the written law. Consider the following examples: In the book of Jeremiah it is stated that when the prophet bought a field from Hanamel he wrote a deed in the presence of witnesses who affixed their signatures. There is no mention in the Pentateuch of the requirement of a deed and witness in the transfer of a real property. In the book of II Kings we learn that if a man did not pay his debts his creditors had the right to take him into servitude. If he died and left the debt unpaid the creditor could enslave his children †¦ it is stated in the book of Haggai that God told the prophet to examine the priests on the laws of sanctity and impurity. These two laws are not found in the Pentateuch.10 The examples given provide a clear overview as to why the Pharisees insisted on the importance of the oral laws and to be respected as having equal importance as the written law. If the oral laws that were found in the book of Jeremiah, II Kings and Haggai are indeed part of a collection of oral laws that was intentionally lost after the canonization of the Pentateuch, then there is good reason for the emergence of the Pharisees. The examples given cover social and religious aspects of Jewish life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Pharisees in Christianity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore it ca n be argued that without the aid of oral laws the Jews would then have to contend with their present situation using laws that are antiquated because these were established during the time of Moses and several centuries removed from the circumstances surrounding 1st century Judaism. It does not mean that the written law was not able to resolve many of the problems of Jewish contemporary society but a close examination of the oral laws mentioned earlier reveals the importance of oral laws when it comes to providing information to correctly interpret the Pentateuch and helps in the application of the written law. Consider for instance the circumstances surrounding Judea during the time of Christ. It was vastly different from the circumstances that surrounded Moses and his mission to rescue slaves from Egypt and bring them to their ultimate destination. In the first century AD the Jews had to contend with an occupying force that threatened to transform their religion and culture with a n equally powerful force which was the Greco-Roman culture. Based on the historical background provided it is now easier to understand why the Pharisees had to form another religious party to oppose the Sadducees. In a time of national crisis, it was imperative to have a clear and full understanding of the law. The Pharisees believed that it can only be achieved if the Jews study both the written and oral laws. In other words the Sadducees view the Pentateuch as a core foundation that every legal and moral statute can be hinged on. The Pharisees on the other hand sees it differently, in their opinion it is an incomplete set of laws and without the balancing effect of the second part (oral laws) they can never be assured that they are truly obedient to the laws of God. The Pharisees’ insistence for Jews to observe oral laws goes beyond the need to deal with the contemporary society. In the book of Haggai and oral law regarding purification and impurity was mentioned. If one on ly values the Pentateuch then it is easy to forget the statute embedded in the book of Haggai because it is not found in the written law. However, the issue mentioned there is of grave importance to the Pharisees because it talks about purity. In other words the Pharisees could never feel the assurance that they have carefully observed the laws of God if they will only rely on the written law. They needed both.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion For many people the Pharisees are nothing more than religious fanatics. Their many confrontations with Jesus Christ revealed the dark side of this particular religious party. But upon closer examination of the historical data, one tends to agree that the Pharisees simply wanted to obey the laws of God. Their insistence to observe both the written and oral law is not based on the desire to create something new. They contended that contemporary society has to be guided by oral laws and the written law. The oral laws provide insight into the application of written law. But more importantly the Pharisees believed that Jews cannot have the assurance that they have carefully observed the laws of God if they neglect the oral laws. Bibliography Cadbury, Henry. â€Å"Review: Christianity’s Treatment of the Pharisees.† The Journal of Religion 9 no. 2 (1929): 299-302. Goodblatt, D. â€Å"The Place of the Pharisees in First Century Judaism: The State of the Debate.â₠¬  Journal for the Study of Judaism 20 no. 1 (2004): 12-30. Skeel Jr., David. â€Å"What were Jesus and the Pharisees Talking About when they talked about the Law?† Journal of Law and Religion 23 no.1 (2007): 141-146. Pharisee, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pharisee Zeitlin, Solomon. â€Å"The Pharisees: A Historical Study.† The Jewish Quarterly Review 52 no.2 (1961): 97-129. Footnotes 1 David Skeel, Jr., â€Å"What were Jesus and the Pharisees Talking About when they talked about the Law?† Journal of Law and Religion 23 no.1 (2007): 141. 2 Henry Cadbury, â€Å"Review: Christianity’s Treatment of the Pharisees,† The Journal of Religion 9 no. 2 (1929): 300. 3 D. Goodblatt, â€Å"The Place of the Pharisees in First Century Judaism: The State of the Debate,† Journal for the Study of Judaism 20 no. 1 (2004): 13. 4 Goodblatt, 13 5 Ibid. 6 â€Å"Pharisee,† Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011 7 Ibid. 8 Solomon Zeitlin, â€Å"The Pharisees: A Historical Study,† The Jewish Quarterly Review 52 no.2 (1961): 100 9 Pharisee. 10 Zeitlin, 100

Nursing Information Literacy Essay Example

Nursing Information Literacy Essay Example Nursing Information Literacy Paper Nursing Information Literacy Paper When a person begins nursing school it can be a bit over whelming. One is bombarded by not only new experiences but an overabundance of information. Clinical advisors demand an accumulation of information before setting a toe into a patient’s room. However, being a novice, the student has no idea what all that information pertains to or what to do with it. As the semesters of nursing school pass, the student begins to realize what the information is and what to do with it. The students acquire information literacy. Information Literacy Definition Due to the enormous growth of the health care industry itself and the many changes of how information is delivered, it is more important now than ever that nurses have acquired information literacy. â€Å"Information Literacy is defined as the ability to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information† (Cherry Jacob, 2011, p. 306). Nurses need the ability to recognize when information is needed because they need to know what questions they need to ask their patients to be able to clearly assess their patient’s conditions. They also need to assess outside information to be able to establish the best evidence based practice to be used in their patient’s treatment. Information can be obtained from the patient themselves or evidence based practice journals, computer data bases, and facility protocols. â€Å"To be able to achieve any of these competencies nurses need to identify where relevant information can be found† (Glasper, 2011, p. 188). It is also very important to consider the level of evidence of your source of information. Once the nurse has gathered information, one must be able to understand what the information means. Anyone can read the words on a lab report, but nurses must be able to know what lab values mean. They must also be able to know when values are critical and need immediate intervention. Not only is it important to ask the right questions but it is also important what the nurse does with the information gathered. If a nurse knows that a patient is trending in a bad direction, one must intervene in a proven way to stop the patient’s progression. For example if a person has a very high blood sugar, just knowing the sugar is high is not going to prevent a bad event. One must intervene with the most evidence based practice to lower the blood glucose level. Importance of Information Literacy Information literacy is not only very important; it is the key to survival as a registered nurse. Health Care has begun to place a great emphasis on quality and safety of patient care. This is a wonderful thing but for the nurse to practice safely, one will have to be able to gather and apply information in a correct proven method. Wonderful safety measures are being developed every day but if nurses are not aware of them or how they work the practice will not improve. Information is the key element to an evidenced based practice. Without a knowledge base sound decisions cannot be made. With an increasing amount of information available to nurse, it is of great importance as well to protect the patien’s personal information. â€Å" It is also very important to have information literacy to be able to understand economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and access and the use of information† (Magee, 2011, p. 1). The most important reason however, is to be able to assess the correct information to be able to safely and effectively care for patients. Integration of Information Literacy. When the student nurse becomes a registered nurse she will make information literacy a key part of her practice. She will monitor current accredited nursing journals to find articles about best evidence based practices. She will access web-based information when she has a deficient knowledge of a medication. The registered nurse will also access facility information regarding policies and protocols. The registered nurse (RN) will utilize electronic charting and participate in all in-house education on informatics. She will also continue her education by attending seminars and web based education to further her knowledge base. The RN will utilize all available information sources. She will take the time to accurately assess given information and decide on an affective course action for all patients in her care. Clinical Experience During the student nurse’s medical-surgical one rotation, she was assigned to care for a patient with a subarachnoid hematoma. The patient was exhibiting contradictory symptoms. On assessment the patients eyes were not reactive to light and accommodation, however the student nurse noticed that the patient was tracking her when she was cleaning in the room. The patient’s physician felt that he did not have much brain activity. The student left the patients room and then returned to find that the patient had pulled all of his catheters out. The student talked with the physician about what she had seen with the patient. The physician somewhat laughed at the student and replied that it was very unlikely that the patient had any cognition. The student then talked with the primary nurse assigned to the patient. The nurse did agree that sometimes physicians give up too quickly on patients. The student nurse went home to find any information about subarachnoid hematomas. The student found lots of information on the subject. The student used Medscape which is an accredited source. The student read that sometimes the swelling cause’s pressure within the brain that prevents the eyes from reacting to light and accommodation. When the level of inflammation and pressure is reduced the patient may function at a higher level. The article also encourage interventions to stimulate brain activity. (Liebeskind, 2013) The student is in no way qualified to diagnose the patient, but this information helped the student understand what the condition of the patient actually was and changed how the student approached the patient. The student began music therapy with the patient. She talked with him and held his hand and he did sometimes squeeze back. The student did understand that the patient would probably have extensive brain damage but there was a possibility of some primitive functioning. The information gathered was not only valuable in the day- to- day care of the patient, but also in advocating for the patient to be placed in a rehab facility as opposed to convalescent care. In the example above, the student nurse had deficient knowledge of a medical condition, so she took the next step to find credible information on the subject matter. Next she assessed the information and achieved a general understanding of the information. Then the student decided on a course of action and implemented it. The student learned to assess and access information to provide the best care possible for her patient. References Cherry, B. , Jacob, S. R. (2011). Contemporary Nursing Issues, Trends, Management (5th Ed. ). http://dx. doi. org/9780323069533 Glasper, A. (2011, January 12). The RCN’s literacy competences for evidence-based practice. . British Journal of Nursing, 20(3), 188-189. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. bakerezproxy. palnet. info/ehost/delivery? sid Liebeskind, D. S. (2013). Intracranial hemorrhage. Retrieved from http://emedicine. medscape. com Magee, J. (2011, February 25). Information Literacy and Nursing Students. Librarians and Faculty Collaborating to Enhance Understanding. Retrieved from www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S875572230300

The Role of Tourism in Mexico Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Role of Tourism in Mexico - Term Paper Example In a candid statement, Ruiz states that the industry can additionally add a point to its current standing a factor likely to place it as the second biggest revenue contributor in Mexico. In the last year, the industry minted 12.7 billion dollars in foreign exchange. This is according to JP Morgan and Company report. As things stand now, the industry trails the oil and manufacturing industry. The Latin’s America second best performing economy registered a record of twenty four million visits in the past year (Mente 23-25). This statistic is 2.6 percent increase in comparison to the number of visits registered in the past one year. Reports from the World Tourism Organization indicate that the worldwide visits of tourists have just clocked the 1 billion mark. An increase of 4.1% has been registered in what is commonly referred to as international visits abroad. Similarly, arrivals to the advanced economies rose by 3.6% as the World Tourism report indicate. The role of tourism in the Mexican economy reaches far and wide. It boosts investment levels, creates jobs, and increases potential earnings. Reports additionally indicate that it creates one employment opportunity out of every eleven. The benefits of the industry are far reaching to the Mexican economy because it not only provides employment opportunities but also spurs the development of the surrounding region. The industry in the same line disseminates vital information relating to the nation’s natural and cultural attraction. The advantage emanates from the various options that the country offers to its visitors. The most notable include the pre Columbian civilization heritage and the inclusion of archeological sites as vital symbols of the countries identity. On top of these, the country is endowed with various beaches and an integration of millenary traditions within its major cities. Historical elements

Nestle Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nestle - Coursework Example A law was passed that ensures every piece of meat or poultry bared the inspected for wholesomeness by U.S. Department of Agriculture stamp. The following claims made Nestle drew a conclusion that the government responding fast in protecting the lives of people from harmful bacteria. Moreover, bearing the fact that humans are on the top of the food chain they are prone to many dangers associated with food poisoning (Nestle 11-30). On the other hand, the government has not exhausted its operations in ensuring protection of feed supply to animals bearing in mind that they are what people eat. Cattle and chicken feed on plant-based products that might contain harmful materials and are transferred to people’s bodies in the food chain. In addition, these animals are given drugs that question the safety of the food we eat. Even with an effort of the federal government to call upon the inspection of animal feed producers, federal food safety agencies have failed in maintaining these regulations. How can we be sure of what we eat if the government does not protect our health? Nestle ideas are more convincing because they make people aware of dangers they expose themselves to while consuming meat, poultry and fish especially where the source is not known. The omnivore’s delusion is also another problem pointed out by Nestle in relation to what animals and poultry eat. Nestle calls for people to adopt crop farming because it increases nitrogen concentration in the air and acts as a good source of food. When more people turn into crop production, prices of food in the market decreases and farmers struggle at producing the best quality products. Farmers also get advices on various ways to raise food depending on the market demands. Crop production in a preferable manner increases food safety especially when farmers use accepted chemicals. In addition, crops especially beans act as alternative sources of